D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes D or F Block Elements Class 12 D or F Block Elements Notes pdf D or F Block Elements Notes D and f block elements class 12 notes d and f block elements class 12 ncert pdf d and f block elements class 12 ncert
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D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022 d-block elements f-block elements pdf f-block elements electronic configuration D or F Block Elements Notes Pdf
D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022
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Elements of D and F Block
Elements of D and F Block :- (1) Elements whose electrons are filled in the D orbital are called D block elements. (2) Elements of D block are present between S block and P block elements in the periodic table, hence the elements of D block are called transition elements. (3) Not all elements of D block are transition metal elements but all transition metal elements are elements of D block (4) Four categories of elements of D block are present in the periodic table. Image
(5) Common electron of the elements of D block element (n-1)d{1-10}(ns){1-2}
Note – Due to very small difference in energy O of ns and (n-1)d orbitals of D block elements, many exceptions are seen in their electron configuration. -:- 3D Series :- This range is from 21SC to 30ZN Tricks – Shakti Vakraman Phiko Nikunjan IMAGE
4D series electron configuration :- This series ranges from 39Y to 48Cd
Tricks – Ye Zara Nawab Mohit, you will have to stay whipped today Image
Electron configuration of 5D series :- This series is from Lanthanum(57L) to Hg(80Hg) Image
Electronic configuration of 6D series :- This series starts from Ac (89) to Uub (112) atomic number 90 in this series. Elements from to 103 lie in between the elements of F block. This is an incomplete series. Image |
D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022 d-block elements f-block elements pdf f-block elements electronic configuration D or F Block Elements Notes Pdf

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Important Question
Q -1 Write the modern definition of transition metal elements? Image (2) Zn is not a transition metal element because the Zn+2 ion does not have a partially filled d orbital in the Zn atom. Image
Q -2 Why are Zn, Cd, and Hg not considered as transition elements? Q – 3 Ag atom has fully filled d orbitals in its basic state how can you say that it is a transition element? Ag atom has 4d10 configuration but Ag+2 ion has 4d9 configuration i.e. partially filled d orbital is present on this basis we can say that Ag is a transition element Q – Why are the elements of 4 d block studied on the basis of categories? Ans – Most of the properties of elements depend on the number of electrons present in their outermost shell. If the number of electrons in the outermost shell is same then most of the properties of elements are also similar. |
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D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes D or F Block Elements Class 12 D or F Block Elements Notes pdf D or F Block Elements Notes
Characteristics of Transition Elements
Characteristics of Transition Elements :- The properties which identify the transition elements are called characteristic properties. (2) There is a tendency to form colored compounds (3) Tendency to form paramagnetic compound (4) Tendency to form alloys (5) Tends to form complex compounds (6) These metals are used as catalysts (have catalytic properties)
General properties of transition element :-
(A) Melting Point :-(1) The unpaired electrons present in the outermost shell of a metal element participate in the formation of metallic bonds, the more number of paired electrons present near the metal atom, the stronger the metallic bond will be formed by that metal, so that the melting point of the metal will also be higher. will be high. (2) The unpaired electrons of (n-1)d along with ns electrons of transition metal elements also participate in forming metallic bonds, thus more number of metallic bonds are formed by a transition metal element, that is why transition metals Elements have very high melting points (3) On moving from left to right in a series, the melting point increases till the middle and then decreases and the last element of the series has the lowest melting point, this is because the number of unpaired electrons increases till the middle of the series and decreases thereafter. looks like (4) The melting point of mn in the 3d series is much lower than expected because the configuration of Mn is half-completed i.e. 3d5 is 4s2. As this configuration becomes stable, the contribution of electrons to the d orbitals in forming metallic bonds is reduced. The melting point of Mn is lower than expected (5) Cr has the highest melting point in the 3d series, Zn has the lowest melting point Image (6) All metal elements tungsten (w) has the highest melting point and mercury (Hg) has the lowest melting point.
Q – 5 Why do have the lowest melting points in their respective categories? Note – Due to low melting point of Zn, Cd, and Hg these metals have the property of volatile.
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Atomic Radius
(B) Atomic Radius :-
(1) On moving from left to right in a transition series, the atomic radius decreases almost to the middle, then remains constant and finally increases (2) Generally, the value of atomic radius decreases continuously as the elements move from left to right in a period. (3) The value of atomic radius in the transition series is determined by both nuclear charge and shielding effect (4) The shielding effect also increases as the number of electrons in the terminal shell increases. (5) On moving from Sc to Cr in the 3d series, the number of electrons in the d orbital increases very little, that is, the shielding effect is less, in comparison to this, the nuclear charge increases continuously, hence the atomic radius from Sc to Cr decreases. Image (6) On moving from Cr to Ni in the 3d series, the number of electrons in the d orbital increases and the shielding effect also increases, which balances the increasing nuclear charge, so the shielding effect and nuclear charge from Cr to Ni become equal. which keeps the atomic radius constant (7) In the last shell of the 3d series, the orbitals of Cu and Zn are completely completed, due to which the shielding effect becomes more than the nuclear charge, due to which the atomic radius also increases. Q – 6 Atomic radius increases on going from 3d series to 4d series but on moving from 4d series to 5d series the atomic radius remains constant why? |
D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes D or F Block Elements Class 12 D or F Block Elements Notes pdf D or F Block Elements Notes
Condensation Enthalpy
(C) Condensation Enthalpy :- (1) The heat required to break the bonds present in 1 mol of a substance in the gaseous state and split it into atoms is called condensation enthalpy. Q – 7 Why transition metal has high particle enthalpy? Q – 8 Why Zn has minimum particle enthalpy in 3d series? |
Oxidation State
Imp* (D) Oxidation State :- A transition metal element exhibits some oxidation state, this property is called the property of variable oxidation state.Q – 9 Transition metals show the property of changing oxidation states. Why? Ans – Due to the very small difference in the energy O of the (n-1)d and ns orbitals of the transition metal element, after the loss of electrons from ns, the unpaired electrons of (n-1)d are also released, so that a metallic element is Where does the oxidation state appearQ – 10 How is the property of convertibility in the oxidation state O of a transition metal different from the property of convertibility in the oxidation state of non-transition metal O (p block)? Ans – Due to the very small difference in the energy O of transition metal O in the transition metal O, the oxidation state (n-1)d and ns orbitals, due to which the unpaired electrons of (n-1)d are also released after the loss of n (s) electrons. -Exit out one by one Mn shows oxidation state from +2 to +7 Imp* Image In the +3 oxidation state of Fe, when the fe configuration is half-filled, which is a stable configuration, so the Fe+3 oxidation state is more stable than +2
Q – Why +4 oxidation state of 12* Ti is more stable than +3 why? Image Its configuration in +4 state of Ti is stable inert gas configuration, hence +4 oxidation state is more stable than +3
Q – 13* Cr+2 is a reducing agent while Mn+3 is an oxidising agent although both have d4 configuration? Image Cr+2 loses one electron and changes to Cr+3 which has a stable (t2)3 g eg 0 configuration, so Cr+2 is of reducing nature.
Q – 14* Which is the strongest reducing agent between Cr+2 and Fe+2? And why?
Q – The +3 oxidation state of 15 Cr is relatively more stable, why? image In Cr+3 oxidation state, Cr forms octahedral complex compound, which has the configuration t2g3 eg0 which is a stable semi-completed configuration, so the +3 oxidation state of Cr will be more stable.
Q – 16 The lowest oxide of transition metal O is basic while the highest oxide is acidic Why? image
ionic compound => alkaline Metals form covalent oxides in higher oxidation states which are acidic because metal cation oxides tend to polarize negative ions more in higher oxidation states. Therefore, according to the laws of Fiance, the covalent character in the bond increases, in lower oxidation states the metal forms ionic oxides. which is basic because the metal cation in the lower oxidation state is less polarized to the anion, thus forming an ionic bond between Q-17 Highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxanion of metals? Note – The oxide anion has more ability to stabilize the metal in higher oxidation state as compared to F because O forms with the metal whereas F does not. |
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Tendency to form complex compounds
(E) Tendency to form complex compounds :- Transition metal ions are small in size and have high positive charge density, in addition, transition metal ions have a high number of vacant orbitals, so a transition metal has more Number of complexes form a compound Q -18 Why are most compounds of transition metals coloured? Q -19 Why Ti+4 is colourless? image Ti+4 ion does not have any unpaired electrons present, so there is no d-d transition, which will not produce color. Q – 20 Which of the following ions will be colored in aqueous solution? Write the reason also? (1) Ti+3
(2) V+3
(3) Cu+1
(4) Se+3
(5) Fe+3
(6) Co+2
Ans –
Image
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D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022 d-block elements f-block elements pdf f-block elements electronic configuration D or F Block Elements Notes Pdf
Magnetic properties of transition metal O
(F) Magnetic properties of transition metal O :- On the basis of magnetic properties, matter is divided into the following three parts (1) Diamagnetic substances :- Those substances which when placed in an external magnetic field repel the lines of force of the magnetic field, such substances are called magnetic materials and this property of the substance is called diamagnetism. Image The reason for the magnetism of a diamagnetic material is the pairing of all the electrons present in it. (2) Paramagnetic substances :- Those substances which, when placed in an external magnetic field, attract the lines of force of the external magnetic field, then such substances are called paramagnetic substances and this property of the substance is called paramagnetism. Image The reason for paramagnetism in paramagnetic materials is that the electrons present in these substances are unpaired. (3) Ferromagnetic substances :- Those substances which, when placed in an external magnetic field, attract the lines of force of the external magnetic field, that is, they show paramagnetism, but even after removing the external magnetic field, their paramagnetism does not end, that is, it Such substances that have started behaving like permanent magnets are called iron magnetic materials. Ex – Fe,Co,Ni,Cro2 Q – 21 What is the value of magnetic moment for the following metal ions? (a) V+2
(b) Se+3
(c) Cu+2
Ans –
Image
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Catalytic properties of transition metals O
(G) Catalytic properties of transition metals O :- Transition metals A and their compounds behave as catalysts because transition metals O have variable oxidation states and transition metals tend to form complex compounds.
Examples of catalytic properties of transition metal O Image
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Tendency of transition metal O to form alloy
(H) Tendency of transition metal O to form alloy :-
To make an alloy, such a metal O is mixed and mixed so that there is a maximum difference of 15% in the atomic radius, that is, those whose atomic radii are almost the same, the transition metals form the alloy easily because the atomic radius of these metals is about is the same => Characteristics of Alloys – 1 The hardness of an alloy is greater than that of a pure metal (I) Tendency of transition metal O to form interstitial compounds – => Features of Antrakashi Yogic –
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D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes D or F Block Elements Class 12D or F Block Elements Notes pdf D or F Block Elements Notes
-:- Elements of P block :-
Elements whose last electron is filled in (n-2n)f orbital are called f block elements.
2 There are two categories of element of f block in the periodic table (a) 4f series (b) 5f series
3 The elements of the f block are not placed in the periodic table and are written at the bottom of the periodic table. This is a shortcoming of the modern periodic table.
Elements of the 4 f block come in the middle of the transition elements in the periodic table, so these elements are also called internal transition elements.
Elements of 5f block are found in very small quantities in nature, so they are also called rare elements or weak metals.
Electron configuration of F block :-
The formula for the common electron of F block is (n-2)f(1-14) (n-1)d (0-1) ns2
Electron configuration of 4f series – 14 elements after La are called lanthanide elements, they are elements of 4f series, the atomic number of these elements is from 58 to 71
Image
D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022 d-block elements f-block elements pdf f-block elements electronic configuration D or F Block Elements Notes Pdf |
Electron configuration of 5f series –
The 14 elements after Ac89 are called actinide elements.
These are elements of the 5f series, their atomic number is 90 to 103.
5 Formula for a series general electron configuration
5f(1-14) 6d(0-1,2) 7s2
Image
Elements after V in 5F series are not found in nature. These elements are synthesized by humans in the laboratory, hence these elements are called man-made elements.
Note – The first man-made element is Tc (technician)
Q – 22 Explain what is called lanthanide contraction?
Ans – On moving from left to right in the series of La elements, along with the increase of atomic number, there is a continuous decrease in their radiative radii and ionic radii, this decrease is called LA contraction.
Reason – F electrons come in the outer shells of lanthanide elements, whose shielding effect is very weak, due to this there is a constant increase in nuclear charge, the shielding effect of this balancing increases very little, due to which the atomic and ionic radii decrease. Is
Q – 23 What is Ac contraction or what is called actinide contraction?
Ans – With increasing atomic number in the Ac series, there is a continuous decrease in the atomic and ionic radius O, this decrease is called actinide contraction.
Q – 24 Explain the effect of lanthanide contraction?
Ans – Due to La contraction, the atomic radii of the 4D and 5D series become almost same as the radii of elements Hf and Zr (Zirconium), Nb and Ta and Mo and W.
Therefore, the pair of these elements is called as inert element.
Q – 25 What is a mish metal, tell its use?
Ans – The alloy made from lanthanides is called mish dhatu.
The alloy contains about 95% La and 5% Fe (iron), calcium, aluminum,
Use –
1 The alloy is used in making gunshot armor
Q – 26 Ac contraction is greater than La contraction?
Ans – As the size of 5f orbital is more wide than 4f, the test effect of 5f orbital is 4fe so the contraction of Ac series is more than La
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D or F Block Elements Class 12 Notes 2022 d-block elements f-block elements pdf f-block elements electronic configuration D or F Block Elements Notes Pdf
Topics
lements of D and F Block,D and F Block,D Block,F Block,3D Series,4D series electron configuration,Electron configuration of 5D series,Electronic configuration of 6D series,Write the modern definition of transition metal elements, Why are Zn, Cd, and Hg not considered as transition elements,Why are the elements of 4 d block studied on the basis of categories,Why do the elements of d block have vertical parallelism as well as horizontal similarity, Characteristics of Transition Elements,General properties of transition element,Melting Point,Atomic Radius,Condensation Enthalpy,Why transition metal has high particle enthalpy,Why Zn has minimum particle enthalpy in 3d series,Oxidation State, Tendency to form complex compounds,Why are most compounds of transition metals coloured,Why Ti+4 is colourless,Magnetic properties of transition metal O,Diamagnetic substances,Paramagnetic substances, Ferromagnetic substances,Catalytic properties of transition metals O,Tendency of transition metal O to form alloy,Characteristics of Alloys,Features of Antrakashi Yogic,Elements of P block,Electron configuration of F block, Electron configuration of 5f series,Explain what is called lanthanide contraction,What is Ac contraction or what is called actinide contraction,What is a mish metal, tell its use,Ac contraction is greater than La contraction, |